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At her hall of Fensalir, Frigga, the Norse All-Mother, has twelve Handmaidens (Note 1) or ladies-in-waiting to attend to Her. Not much is known about who these Handmaidens were since the Lore is scanty about Norse Goddesses in general. Much of what is known today is by Group Verified Gnosis.
 
Syn (in brief)
As the Gatekeeper, Syn guards Frigga’s Hall. She also is the Defender at trials against things She wants to refute. Syn can be considered a Goddess of Boundaries and Justice.
 
In the Gylfaginning, Snorri Sturluson wrote, “Syn, who guards the door of the hall, and closes it against those who are not to enter. In trials she guards those suits in which anyone tries to make use of falsehood. Hence is the saying that ‘syn is set against it,’ when anyone tries to deny ought.”
 
Guarding the Doors of Fensalir, Syn sees that only those who are worthy can enter. Because of this, modern Norse Pagans will ask this Goddess to ward their homes. A complex Goddess, Syn not only guards physical boundaries but also those of society. She teaches people to say no to those who would trespass on their personal limits.
 
The saying “Syn is set against it” alludes to Syn defending the truth. By refuting false accusations, She ensures that the defendant’s case will be heard. As a Goddess of Justice, Syn both guides and protects the accused. This Goddess defends those who are involved with legal disputes.
 
As the “Goddess of Defensive Denial,” Syn ensures a fair trial. With the other Gods of Justice, Syn works to keep balance and order. For example, She makes sure that Vidar (Son of Odin), God of Revenge and Retribution does not go too far in his vengeance.
 
Working closely with Forseti, God of Justice and Reconciliation, Syn upholds fairness. Together, They resolve conflicts between Gods. While Forseti acts as the Judge, Syn is the Defense Attorney.
 
Because Syn sees that the laws are upheld for all the worlds, She is the Maintainer of Order. As the Guardian of Order and Balance, She sees that everyone is treated the same. In her role as Guardian of Boundaries, Syn ensures that people keep the ethical standards of their communities.
 
Notes:
Note 1. Saga (seer), Eir (healer), Gefjun (unmarried girls), Fulla (plenty), Sjofn (love), Lofn (forbidden love), Var (oaths), Vor (wisdom), Syn (truth), Hlin (protector), Snorta (diplomacy), Gna (travelers).
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 At her hall of Fensalir, Frigga, the Norse All-Mother, has twelve Handmaidens (Note 1) or ladies-in-waiting to attend to Her. Not much is known about who these Handmaidens were since the Lore is scanty about Norse Goddesses in general. Much of what is known today is by Group Verified Gnosis.
 
Snorta in brief
Wise and prudent, Snotra encourages basic civility and courtesy towards others. She understands why there exists rules of conduct. Snotra can be regarded as the Goddess of Diplomats.
 
Snorri Sturluson writes in the Gylfaginning, “Snotra, who is wise and courtly. After her, men and women who are wise are called Snotras.” In his writing, Snorri stresses this Goddess’ sound decision-making and clear judgment. Hence, Snorta presides over the rules that govern good-behavior within societies. Therefore, a “snorta” is someone who has self-control and possess civility. In fact, a snorta could be thought of as a mediator.
 
Among the Gods, Snorta mediates disputes and offers diplomatic solutions. Besides Frigga, Snorta is also a Frithweaver. As with the All-Mother, this Goddess is known as the Lady of Frith. Although Frigga is better known as the Peace-keeper, Snorta also engages with feuding parties to establish a truce.
 
“Frith,” in Norse Paganism, is “peace based on mutual trust and respect.” Moreover, honorable deeds are a part of frith. This concept encompasses kinship, bonds between people living in communities, and relations between people and their Gods. (Note 2) Frith can be regarded as piety since it relates to keeping the relations between individuals, communities, and the Gods fruitful.
 
Because of Snorta’s importance in frith-weaving, modern Norse Pagans think of Her as a symbol of female empowerment. Since She makes astute judgements, She is also revered for her intellectual prowess. These qualities make Snorta a powerful Goddess, in her own right.
 
Prayers to Snorta will result with knowledge of the proper course of action in a situation. Moreover, her prayers are answered by self-restraint and prudence. With today’s world of information overwhelming people, Snorta will guide them through it. To those who desire it, She offers thoughtful analysis and responsible use of knowledge.
 
Notes:
Note 1. Saga (seer), Eir (healer), Gefjun (unmarried girls), Fulla (plenty), Sjofn (love), Lofn (forbidden love), Var (oaths), Vor (wisdom), Syn (truth), Hlin (protector), Snorta (diplomacy), Gna (travelers).
 
Note 2. A “frithgarth” or “frithstead” is an area dedicated to the Gods, Ancestors, and Wights.
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 At her hall of Fensalir, Frigga, the Norse All-Mother, has twelve Handmaidens (Note 1) or ladies-in-waiting to attend to Her. Not much is known about who these Handmaidens were since the Lore is scanty about Norse Goddesses in general. Much of what is known today is by Group Verified Gnosis.
 
Var (in brief)
One of the first oaths in Norse marriages is to Var, who oversees contracts between people. Var punishes perjurers and oath breakers. This Goddess is the Witness to Spoken Promises.
 
In the Gylfaginning, Snorri Sturluson writes, “She (Var) hears the oaths and troths that men and women plight to each other. Hence such vows are called vars, and She takes vengeance on those who break their promises.” Snorri indicates that Var’s name means “pledge” or “promise.” Because She oversees oaths, Var punishes those who break their word. This is because people are expected to keep their vows to the Gods and to their communities.
 
Pronounced “vow-er,” “var” adds to Var’s Kenning of “One Who Hears Wards.” According to Snorri, varar is a private agreement between men and women. (In Old Norse, “var” means also means “beloved.”) “Var” can also be linked to varda which means guarantee. It may be linked to vardlokkur, a song to bring a guardian spirit to the singer. (Note 2.)
 
In the Thrymskvida. (Note 3), Var is the Keeper of Marriage Oaths. Thrym, the Jotun, is presiding over a wedding ceremony. He states, “May Var, Goddess, bless us.” One reason for Var hearing marriage vows is that the oaths of the participants strengthens the community as the community witness them.
“Then said Thrym,
Bring the hammer in, the bride to consecrate;
Lay Miollnir on the maiden’s knee;
Unite us each with other by the hand of Var”
 
Oaths are important for various reasons. They are first laid in the Well of the Wyrd. Then, each oath becomes a part of the Orlog (Note 4) of the individual, family, and community. Since the Well of the Wyrd holds the waters of fate, vows are a part of the threads that weave the Web of the Wyrd.
 
Notes:
Note 1. Saga (seer), Eir (healer), Gefjun (unmarried girls), Fulla (plenty), Sjofn (love), Lofn (forbidden love), Var (oaths), Vor (wisdom), Syn (truth), Hlin (protector), Snorta (diplomacy), Gna (travelers).
 
Note 2. A vardlokkur will bring a person in harmony with their Wyrd.
 
Note 3. The Thrymskvida is the story of Thor recovering his stolen Hammer, Mjolnir from the Jotun Thrym. To do so, Thor has to dress up as Freya to wed Thrym. During the wedding ceremony, the vows are hallowed with Mjolnir. At that time, Thor grabs his Hammer, beat the Jotun present, and escapes.
 
Note 4. Orlog and Wyrd are intertwined. The Troth, a Norse Pagan organization, described the relationship as “Wyrd is the material out of which the road is built, but Orlog is the road that we see is built from that material.” The Troth defines Wyrd as “all the actions that may shape and constrain the context of our lives.” Orlog is “the particular shape of those actions which leads to a particular context we face.”
 
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 At her hall of Fensalir, Frigga, the Norse All-Mother, has twelve Handmaidens (Note 1) or ladies-in-waiting to attend to Her. Not much is known about who these Handmaidens were since the Lore is scanty about Norse Goddesses in general. Much of what is known today is by Group Verified Gnosis.
 
Vor (in brief)
Snorri Sturluson writes that Vor is “wise and enquiring, so that nothing can be concealed from Her.” She knows what is kept hidden and what should be open. Because of this, Vor is known as the Goddess of Divination.
 
In the Prose Edda, Snorri writes, “Vor, who is so wise and searching that nothing can be concealed from Her. It is a saying that a woman becomes vor (aware) of what she becomes wise.” Snorri emphasizes “the careful one” for a deeper meaning of this Goddess’ name. Knowing what is hidden, Vor discerns what She tell others and what to keep private. (Unlike Frigga, in matters of the future, Vor is permitted to tell what She knows.)
 
Because of her searching spirit, Vor is known for her deep wisdom. Her astute understanding gives this Goddess deep insights into life’s mysteries. Therefore, Vor the Farseeing One is known as the Goddess of Hidden Knowledge.
 
Shrouded in mystery, little is known about Vor. Followers of the Norse Gods say that She is the Goddess of Divination. Overseing all matters of Wyrd (Note 2), Vor perceives “what is, what is becoming, and what should be.” For these reasons, Vor is regarded the “Lady of Awareness.”
 
As a diviner, I have felt Vor’s Presence, especially when I use the Runes. Since I tend to be blunt in what I tell a querent, Vor counsels me. She tells me what to say as She guides me in the reading.
 
Notes:
Note 1. Saga (seer), Eir (healer), Gefjun (unmarried girls), Fulla (plenty), Sjofn (love), Lofn (forbidden love), Var (oaths), Vor (wisdom), Syn (truth), Hlin (protector), Snorta (diplomacy), Gna (travelers).
 
Note 2: Wyrd is a concept in Norse Paganism that corresponds to personal destiny. Meanwhile, Orlog is defined as the primal layers of strands that weave together to make an individual. It is the relationship between the actions and outcomes of each person. The Wyrd and Orlog are intertwined in matters of fate.
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At her hall of Fensalir, Frigga, the Norse All-Mother, has twelve Handmaidens (Note 1) or ladies-in-waiting to attend to Her. Not much is known about who these Handmaidens were since the Lore is scanty about Norse Goddesses in general. Much of what is known today is by Group Verified Gnosis.
 
Saga (in brief)
At her hall, Sokkvabekkr (Sunken Hall), Saga drinks with Odin, the All-Father. The two Gods spend their time trading stories. In common usage, “saga” means “a long tale.” Since She is the Patroness of Historians, Saga collects and passes on knowledge.
 
In the Gylfaginning, Saga is listed as first of the Goddesses who attended Frigga. “Saga, who dwells in Sokkvabekkr, and this is a large dwelling.” In the Poetic Edda (Grimnismal), Saga and Odin meet at her home each day. (Sokkvabekkr, Saga’s home is listed as one of the named residences of the Gods.) Her home is believed to be partially underwater or abutting a stream. This is significant since water offers wisdom and prophecy.
 
Sökkvabekk is the fourth, where cool waves flow,
And amid their murmur it stands;
There daily do Othin and Saga drink
In gladness from cups of gold.
 
In their daily meetings, the All-Father listens to Saga, since She is a source of wisdom and knowledge that He appreciates. From Her, Odin learns about the past history and the future destiny of the Nine Worlds. This Goddess perseveres history and provides an understanding of everyone’s places in the Worlds
 
Saga is the Progenitor, Keeper, and Foreteller of Stories. She lends her name to the Norse Sagas, their tales of generational histories. One could say that Saga knows all since She knows the past, present, and future.
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At her hall of Fensalir, Frigga, the Norse All-Mother, has twelve Handmaidens (Note 1) or ladies-in-waiting to attend to Her. Not much is known about who these Handmaidens were since the Lore is scanty about Norse Goddesses in general. Much of what is known today is by Group Verified Gnosis.
 
Hlin (In Brief)
Frigga asks Hlin to protect those who She wishes to save. Hlin gives refuge to the fugitive since She, Herself, could not save Balder, Frigga’s son. For that reason, this Goddess also comforts those who mourn.
 
In the Gylfaginning, Snorri Sturluson write, “Hlin, who guards those men whom Frigg wants to protect from any danger. Hence is the saying that he hlins who is forewarned.” This Goddess protects people and gives safe haven to the refugee. Since her name means “help” or “refuge,” Hlin keeps the fugitive from harm.
 
Armored with a shield, Hlin carries a weapon. On the battlefield, She leads the women and children to safety. Unafraid, Hlin ensures the well-being of the non-combatants. To escape peril, a desperate person can call upon this Goddess. Because of this, Hlin is grouped with the other protective Goddesses – Snorta, Syn, Var, and Vor (all Handmaidens of Frigga).
 
Another aspect of Hlin pictures Her with a long dark veil, since She is also a Goddess of Solace in times of sorrow. In the Voluspa, Hlin could not rescue Odin at Ragnarok. This is her “second sorrow,” the first being the death of Balder, who is Frigga’s Son. Because of this, the Goddess will guide people through their grieving.
“Then is fulfilled Hlín’s second sorrow,
when Óðinn goes to fight with the wolf,
and Beli’s slayer, bright, against Surtr.
Then shall Frigg’s sweet friend fall.”
 
Hlin offers protection and comfort. She saves those whom She can. For those who She cannot, Hlin offers solace to the survivors.
 
Notes:
Note 1. Saga (seer), Eir (healer), Gefjun (unmarried girls), Fulla (plenty), Sjofn (love), Lofn (forbidden love), Var (oaths), Vor (wisdom), Syn (truth), Hlin (protector), Snorta (diplomacy), Gna (travelers).
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At her hall of Fensalir, Frigga, the Norse All-Mother, has twelve Handmaidens (Note 1) or ladies-in-waiting to attend to Her. Not much is known about who these Handmaidens were since the Lore is scanty about Norse Goddesses in general. Much of what is known today is by Group Verified Gnosis.
 
Fulla (in brief)
Because She looks after Frigga’s shoes, Fulla can be considered the Goddess of Footwear. Her other duty is guarding Frigga’s treasures, which are kept in a casket. She is also a close confidant of the All-Mother. Diane Paxson, Heathen elder, says that Fulla is the “Keeper of Women’s Mysteries.”
 
Snorri Sturluson wrote in the Prose Edda, “Fulla, who is also a maid, she wears her hair flowing and has a golden ribbon about her head; she carries Frigg’s chest, takes care of her shoes and knows her secrets.” This Goddess could be thought of as “Frigga’s Lady.” Fulla attends to the All-Mother’s needs in all aspects. She is entrusted with Frigga’s well-being.
 
Fulla may be a major Goddess, beyond what the scanty lore indicates. She is mentioned often in Snorri’s Skaldskaparmal. Fulla is listed among the foremost Goddesses of the Aesir along with Frigga and Freya in the Prose Edda.
 
A hint of Fulla’s power is the Second Merseburg Charm (Note 2) where she cures a lame horse.
The Second Merseburg Charm:
“Phol and Wodan were riding to the woods,
and the foot of Balder’s foal was sprained
So Sinthgunt, Sunna’s sister, conjured it;
and Frija, Volla’s sister, conjured it;
and Wodan conjured it, as well he could:
Like bone-sprain, so blood-sprain,
so joint-sprain:
Bone to bone, blood to blood,
joints to joints, so may they be glued.”
 
(Phol is Balder, Wodan – Odin, Frija – Frigga, and Volla – Fulla. Sinthgunt is an unknown Goddess.)
 
The Charm lists Fulla as the Sister of Frigga, hinting at a close relationship that goes beyond being a “Lady’s Maid.” Moreover, Fulla is thought of as a major healer of horses. The Charm acknowledges her power as a major Germanic Goddess.
 
The Golden Ribbon, referred to by Snorri, indicates Fulla’s divinity. The Ribbon could be thought of as a crown. This is the description of Fulla’s “Snood” in the Edda.
“One may hear how gold is metaphorically called Fulla’s Snood, in this verse which Eyvindr Skald-Despoiler wrought:
Fulla’s shining Fillet,
The forehead’s sun at rising,
Shone on the swelling shield-hill
For skalds all Hakon’s life-days.”
 
Fulla’s “Snood” and “Chest” hint at Her being a Goddess of Abundance. One of her attributes is “Fulla the Bountiful.” In fact, her name translates to “fullness” or “bountiful” in Old Norse. Fulla is believed to ensure bountiful harvests.
 
My experience with Fulla is in meditating on Her Role as the Keeper of Frigga’s Shoes. Why is that assigned to a Goddess? I realized how important shoes are when my husband had custom shoes made for his deformed feet. The proper shoes assist in walking and mobility. They are considered their weight in gold. Therefore the keeping of shoes is something that I ask of Fulla.
 
My second experience was in finding a box. I had needed a place to put all my prayer beads. While I was considering what, a vision of a wooden box came to me. I was led to the box on sale and had the funds to buy it. Later I realized that Fulla presented the vision and the money to buy the box.
 
My third experience with Fulla has been in the care and keeping of my husband’s feet. She has helped to guide me and him through his toe amputation and later operations. My UPG is that Fulla does concern Herself with feet as well as shoes.
 
Notes:
Note 1. Saga (seer), Eir (healer), Gefjun (unmarried girls), Fulla (plenty), Sjofn (love), Lofn (forbidden love), Var (oaths), Vor (wisdom), Syn (truth), Hlin (protector), Snorta (diplomacy), Gna (travelers).
 
Note 2. The Second Merseburg Charm is one of two Medieval charms written in Old High German. They are the only known examples of written charms of German Polytheists.
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At her hall of Fensalir, Frigga, the Norse All-Mother, has twelve Handmaidens (Note 1) or ladies-in-waiting to attend to Her. Not much is known about who these Handmaidens were since the Lore is scanty about Norse Goddesses in general. Much of what is known today is by Group Verified Gnosis.
 
Lofn (Briefly)
Snorri writes Lofn “who is so kind and good to pray to that She gets leave from the All-Father or Frigga for people’s union… even if before it was refused.” Lofn shows the way to love for those who cannot. She can be called on to bless unions not permitted by society.
 
In the Gylfaginning, Snorri Sturluson writes, Lofn “who is kind and good to those who call upon her, and she has permission from Alfather or Frigg to bring together men and women, no matter what difficulties may stand in the way; therefore ‘love’ is so called from her name, and also that which is much loved by men.”
 
From what Snorri writes, Lofn is the Goddess who finds a way for love to triumph. She could be thought of as the Goddess of Star-Crossed Lovers. Both Odin and Frigga have commissioned Lofn to guide people to each other in spite of numerous obstacles that lie between them.
 
Frigga has three Handmaidens who oversees love in all its forms. Lofn governs forbidden love, while Sjofn keeps the peace within families. Although not usually considered to be a Goddess of Love, Syn does judge the disagreements between lovers. Meanwhile, Lofn settles quarrels between Gods.
 
Compassionate and powerful, Lofn will mediate the affairs between Gods, Jotuns, and Others. She is best at working on the behalf of lovers facing hurdles to marrying. For example, Lofn enabled the God Freyr to wed the Giantess Gerd.
 
In modern times, Lofn has become more than the Goddess of Forbidden Love. She is the Goddess of Love in All Forms, which champions “love beyond traditional boundaries.” Today, Lofn blesses LGBTQ relationships and marriages. According to this Goddess, all love is worthy of divine protection.
 
Notes:
Note 1. Saga (seer), Eir (healer), Gefjun (unmarried girls), Fulla (plenty), Sjofn (love), Lofn (forbidden love), Var (oaths), Vor (wisdom), Syn (truth), Hlin (protector), Snorta (diplomacy), Gna (travelers).
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 At her hall of Fensalir, Frigga, the Norse All-Mother, has twelve Handmaidens (Note 1) or ladies-in-waiting to attend to Her. Not much is known about who these Handmaidens were since the Lore is scanty about Norse Goddesses in general. Much of what is known today is by Group Verified Gnosis.
 
Gna (briefly)
Riding Hofvarpnir (Note 2), Gna carries Frigga’s messages through the Worlds. Since She travels between the Worlds, Gna can be relied on to carry prayers to Frigga.
 
The most extensive mention of Gna in the lore is Snorri Sturluson in his Prose Edda. He writes:
 
“The fourteenth is Gna, whom Frigg sends on her errands into various worlds. She rides upon a horse called Hofvarpnir, that runs through the air and over the sea. Once, when she was riding, some vans saw her faring through the air. Then said one of them: ‘What flies there? What fares there? What glides in the air?’
 
She answered
‘I fly not,
Though I fare
And glide through the air
On Hofvarpnir’”
 
(Snorri states that from Gna’s name comes the custom of saying something gnaefir (looms) when it rises up high.)
 
This passage delineates Gna’s role as Frigga’s messenger. Rather than think of this Goddess as an “Archetype,” I prefer to ponder Gna as a multi-dimensional Being. She is one of the few Gods who can travel to all the Nine Realms (Note 3) from Asgaard to Hel and in between. Gna does carry the prayers of all Beings back to Frigga.
 
However, Gna is more powerful than that. My sense of Her is that this Goddess is the Master of Time and Space. Gna lives beyond linear time and three-dimensional space. She could be thought of as the Guardian of Travellers and Pilgrims. Help for not becoming lost in inner space is something that can be asked of Gna.
 
Gna soars beyond the understanding of humans. When baffled by time, they can look to Gna who knows No Time (constant and static) to All Time (fluid and changing). Going through the planes of existence, this Goddess knows “Time in Being” which is “Being in Time.” This is beyond how the Past, Present, and Future exist at once.
 
Gna provides a way to communicate with Frigga, the All-Mother. Frigga often frightens people, and Gna is more accessible. She is an easier Goddess to ask to bring prayers to Frigga. Gna is the Traveller who flies from Realm to Realm with a purpose.
 
Notes:
Note 1. Saga (seer), Eir (healer), Gefjun (unmarried girls), Fulla (plenty), Sjofn (love), Lofn (forbidden love), Var (oaths), Vor (wisdom), Syn (truth), Hlin (protector), Snorta (diplomacy), Gna (travelers).
 
Note 2: Hofvarpner means “hoof thrower.”
 
Note 3: The Nine Realms where the various Beings live: Alfheim (Light Elves), Asgard (Aesir Gods), Hel (the Dead), Jotunheim (Jotuns), Midgard (Humans), Muspelheim (Fire Giants), Niflheim (Frost Giants), Svartalfheim (Dwarfs and Dark Elves), and Vanaheim (Vanir Gods).
 
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 Like every Polytheist, I have Gods from other pantheons that I honor. Early in my polytheism, Frigga came to me and said that She is the Patron of my home and watches over my family. For this reason, I have a separate altar for Her that includes amber and keys. Her Handmaidens also requested prayers.
 
I honor Frigga, the Norse All-Mother (Note 1), Her Twelve Handmaidens (Note 2) and the Disr (Mothers of my ancestral line) on Mothers’ Night (Moraneht). The eve of the Winter Solstice is the traditional beginning of the Germanic New Year. My custom of this Holy Night is to lay out a table for my Anglo-Saxon Ancestors. (Note 3)
 
What I do on this long, dark night is to bloodwalk. I move backwards from the present Mother (my mother) to the past Mother (her mother) at each node in the maternal line. During the bloodwalking, I see how patterns become encoded in my DNA. When I reach a knot, I stop. I ask Frigga how I must untangle it for the future generation. We can only do one knot at a time, therefore the process takes years. I do this to ensure better luck for the next in my line, and to change the luck for my Ancestors.
 
Bloodwalking entails going into a trance, focusing on a particular DNA strand. You move along your maternal DNA. This takes you from yourself to your mother to her mother, going backwards in time. Each Mother is a node that radiates outward. (Bloodwalking on the paternal lines goes from the father to his mother, to her mother. This is more difficult to do.)
 
Hail Frigga : Hail the Disr
The All-Mother : Mothers of mine
Guide Us : Whispering
How we go forward: Of Trials and victories
We thank You : I thank You
Notes:
Note 1. Frigga governs Asgard with Her Consort Odin. With Her Twelve Handmaidens, Frigga rules the home and weave frith (peace) amongst people.
Note 2. Saga (seer), Eir (healer), Gefjun (unmarried girls), Fulla (plenty), Sjofn (love), Lofn (forbidden love), Var (oaths), Vor (wisdom), Syn (truth), Hlin (protector), Snorta (diplomacy), Gna (travelers).
Note 3. They requested that I keep an altar to them. Since Mothers’ Night occurs during Saturnalia, the Roman Gods have made room for Them.
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The modern ideas of Norse dwarfs come the writings of J.R.R. Tolkien. (Note 1) In his stories, dwarfs were stubborn smiths, who lived underground. They often went to war, wielding battle axes. Besides Norse lore, Tolkien said he based his dwarfs on Jewish writings.
 
The actual Norse dwarfs were more diverse than what Tolkien depicted. According to Snorri, the dwarfs were originally maggots that came from the corpse of Ymir, the slain giant. The Sons of Bor Burison – Odin, Vili, and Ve transformed these worms into dwarfs. Afterwards, They assigned four of the dwarfs to hold up the sky – Nordri, Sudri, Austri, and Vestri. (Note 2)
 
In the lore, dwarfs were short, dark, with beards. (The lore alludes to female dwarfs although they are not often named.) They were craftsmen, sages, and miners. Some could shapeshift, while others wielded magic.
 
Norse lore places dwarfs in the dark underground areas such as caves and in mountains. One place that is named is Svartalheim, where they lived with the “Black Elves.” Some scholars debate over whether the two are the same beings. The main differences between them are that dwarfs are short while elves are dark. Some lore refers to where the dwarfs live as Nidavellir, which lies in Svartalheim.
 
The dwarfs had similar relations to the Gods as the giants. They did give gifts to the Gods but did not receive any from the Gods. Dainn and Nabbi created Hildisvini, the Gold-bristled boar of Freya, while Eitri created Gullinbursti for her brother Freyr. Thor’s Hammer, Mjollnir, was also made by Eitri. At Odin’s command, the dwarfs made Gleipnir to bind Fenrir, the Wolf.
 
Since they practiced magic, dwarfs could command luck. For example, Odin learned a charm from Thjodrarir for clear thinking. Meanwhile, Andvari tried to escape Loki by turning into a pike. After Loki stole his ring, Andvari cursed the ring to bring death and discord to anyone who possessed it. Thus, Hreidmar was killed by his sons, Regin and Fafnir, and then these brothers fought among themselves. Afterwards, Sigurd killed them both, recovered the ring, suffered and died.
 
Notes:
Note 1. Tolkien changed the plural of dwarfs to “dwarves.”
Note 2. North, South, East, and West respectively.
 
Works Used:
Daimler, Morgan, “A New Dictionary of Fairies: A 21st Century Exploration of Celtic and Related Western European Fairies.” Moon Books: Winchester (UK). 2020.
Davidson, H.R. Ellis, “Gods and Myths of Northern Europe.” Penguin: New York, 1964.
Lindow, John, “Norse Mythology.” Oxford University Press: NY. 2001.
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 Because they possess extraordinary strength, the Jotnar are considered to be giants. Whether they meet the “standard definition of giant” has been a subject for debate among researchers of Norse lore. However, some Jotnar are considered to be agents of chaos, which seems to fit the role that giants tend be in various lore. Since much of Norse lore was collected by Christians, the Jotnar were more often depicted as “evil and monstrous.”
 
The Jotnar live in three places – Niflheim, Muspellsheim and Jotunheimar. Niflheim, where the Frost Giants live, is a dark and cold world. The world of fire, Muspellsheim is ruled by Surt, who is a dedicated enemy of the Norse Gods. At Ragarnok, He will attack, turning their world into flames with his burning sword. Most of the rest are in Jotunheimar (Giant Worlds). There they live in any unsettled areas of mountains and forests, hunting and fishing.
 
The Jotnar had multiple types of relations with the Gods. Since they often had different aims for the Cosmos than these Gods, Jotnar either came in conflict with Them or joined Them. Many Norse Gods had Jotnar ancestry such as Odin, the All-Father. Meanwhile, Freyr fell in love with Gerd, a Jotnar, and gave up a valuable sword to marry Her. The Jotnar Skadi was tricked into marrying Njord, God of Ships, but remained cordial to Him. Others like Surt sought the end of the Gods. He goes up against Frey at Ragnarok and kills Him. Later, Surt burns the earth with his flaming sword.
 
Although the mother of Thor, the God of Thunder, is Jord, a Jotnar, He did not like them. Thor regarded the Jotnar to be liars, thieves, and oath breakers. Thor killed Gjalp, who caused the river Vimur to swell, since she did not want Him to cross. Later, He broke the backs of her and her sister, Greip, when they tried to crush Him.
 
Most of the time, the relations between the Jotnar and the Gods could be considered antagonistic. Some of the Jotnar did not care much for the Gods and often thought Them to be inferior. However, the two depended on each other. Wild, remote, and desolate in their being, the Jotnar could be thought of as the “yin” to the “yang” of the Norse Gods.
 
Works Used:
Davidson, H.R. Ellis, “Gods and Myths of Northern Europe.” Penguin: New York, 1964.
Lindow, John, “Norse Mythology.” Oxford University Press: NY. 2001.
McCay, Daniel, “The Viking Spirit.” Self-published, 2016.
neptunesdolphins: dolphins leaping (Default)
 Like many Polytheists, I have personal Gods whom I offer devotions to. To that end, I have developed a personal ritual calendar based on when They came to me. Also, I also consult when They are celebrated in their respective cultures. It is a part of my personal practice to deepen devotions to various Gods during specific times of the year. My calendar follows the equinoxes – vernal and autumnal. The balancing of day and night signal a new orientation of either light or dark.
 
October is an important month for me since I honor many of these Gods at this time. It is the month of my brain injury when The Wall fell on me. Anubis and Hekate (Gods of the Dead) came to me during my coma, and enlisted me to help with the Dead. They aided me in adjusting to life after my traumatic brain injury. Since October is the beginning of the dark time, I feel Anubis and Hecate keenly.
 
Because my Anglo-Saxon Ancestors wanted an altar to their Gods, I have observances for these Gods also. The Norse Winternights (the beginning of the winter - October 29 to November 2) is a time for me to honor these Gods. Also during this time, I have special observances for those Ancestors.
 
October is the beginning of the Wild Hunt by Odin, the All-Father of the Norse. Since the Wild Hunt continues through the winter, Odin (Woden) is a God of the Dark Season. When I was a young adult, I had a close encounter with the Wild Hunt. I am grateful to be passed over.
 
In addition, I honor Nana-Suen of the Babylonians between the autumnal and vernal equinoxes. Because the night is greater than the day, the God of the Moon, Nana-Suen reigns during this time. This God has asked me to sleep under the moon, so He can speak to me. I say specific prayers for each phase of the moon during this half of the year.
 

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