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Beauty and strength are what most people admire most about the tiger, the only cat (Note 1) with a striped coat. The largest living cat in the world, she possesses both grace and mystery. Because of her reputation as a dangerous foe, people have hunted the tiger to prove their bravery.
 
During the day, the tiger rests in the shade. Sometimes she likes to lie in a quiet pool of water to escape the heat. (Unlike most cats, the tiger likes to swim.) At dusk, she begins her hunt for food. Using her keen eyesight and hearing, the tiger looks for deer or wild pigs.
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A solitary hunter, the tiger prefers a large range where she sees no other tiger. She does not choose her prey but will stalk and ambush any nearby animal. Using the cover of trees, the tiger carefully places each foot on the ground, moving slowly towards her prey. When the tiger is next to the unfortunate animal, she explodes in a rush and bites his neck.
 
Most people see the tiger as a man hunter, since she has been responsible for deaths of more people than any other cat. One famous tiger, the Champawat Tigress killed 436 people in the early part of the Twentieth Century. However, the tiger does not actively hunt people but will kill someone if she happens upon them. Although the tiger spends most of her time hunting, her reputation as a vicious killer is undeserved.
 
In parts of India, people have a deep relationship with tigers. Offerings are made to Waghoba, the Tiger God (Note 2) for protection of their families and their livestock. When a person encounters a tiger, they bow and fold their hands. Then they ask for the tiger to let them pass, and wait for the cat to walk away. When a tiger kills a person, a statue of the God (or Goddess Washin) will be placed at the place of attack. Offerings are made, and the people ask Waghoba for forgiveness in neglecting his worship.
 
Because of the tiger’s fearsome beauty, she has been a part of religious life in China. There, five mythic tigers guard the universe. (Note 3) In Taoism, the forces controlling the universe are the Yin of the tiger and the Yang of the Dragon. For the Chinese, tigers protected graves from being disturbed. To dream of a tiger meant nobility and power.
 
In China, the White tiger guards the West and stands for the virtue of righteousness. In Feng Shui, White Tiger balances the rooms with Black Tortoise, Green Dragon, and Red Bird. (Note 4) In addition, He is a protector against evil, trampling the five poisonous (venomous) animals – the lizard, snake, spider, toad, and centipedes. Meanwhile the White Tiger will bring safety and prosperity.
 
For Hindus, Shiva, the Destroyer and Creator, rides a tiger. Dawon is the sacred tiger of Parvati, who rides him into battle. In India, the Bengal Tiger (the National Animal) is a symbol of strength, power, and fearlessness.
 
Meanwhile, the Moslems of Sumatra believed that the tiger punished sinners on the behalf of Allah. And, Malaysians consider it bad manners to refer to the tiger by name, so they call Her “Lady”. In Korea, tigers are the protectors against bad spirits, and bring good luck.
 
The exquisite grace and power of the tiger evokes awe and fear in people. Capable of killing animals twice her size, the tiger is one of nature’s most feared predators. What the tiger teaches people is for them to act swiftly and with resolve. Although powerful and quick over short distances, the tiger cannot out run the wild ox or buffalo. She must stalk them, and then explode into action to kill the unfortunate animal. The tiger’s quick action and resolve ensures her a meal. Just be mindful when you act or you may get a fierce reputation like the tiger.
 
The Tyger By William Blake (1794)
 
Tyger Tyger, burning bright,
In the forests of the night;
What immortal hand or eye,
Could frame thy fearful symmetry?
 
In what distant deeps or skies.
Burnt the fire of thine eyes?
On what wings dare he aspire?
What the hand, dare seize the fire?
 
And what shoulder, & what art,
Could twist the sinews of thy heart?
And when thy heart began to beat.
What dread hand? & what dread feet?
 
What the hammer? what the chain,
In what furnace was thy brain?
What the anvil? what dread grasp.
Dare its deadly terrors clasp?
 
When the stars threw down their spears
And water’d heaven with their tears:
Did he smile his work to see?
Did he who made the Lamb make thee?
 
Tyger Tyger burning bright,
In the forests of the night:
What immortal hand or eye,
Dare frame thy fearful symmetry?
 
Notes:
 
Note 1. Cats are traditionally divided into two groups – Big and Small Cats. Big Cats (Pantherinae) differ from Small Cats (Felinae) in several ways. They roar instead of purr, with their roars being very loud and resonant. Unlike Small Cats, Big Cats attack animals larger than themselves. They suffocate the prey with a strangle hold on the neck or by covering the prey’s snout with their jaws. Messy eaters, Big Cats do not groom themselves as meticulously as Small Cats.
 
The Cat Subfamilies: Felinae includes the puma, ocelot, jaguarundi, and margay cat. Pantherinae includes the bobcat, jaguar, lion, leopard (panther), lynx, and the tiger.
 
Note 2. The Tiger God Waghoba has different names in different regions of India. He is called for example, “Waghro” in Goa and “Bageshwar” in Central India. Conservationists believe that the relationship between the Indian people and the Tiger God promotes tiger conservation.
 
Note 3. The Five Tigers of China:
Red rules South, Summer, Fire
Black rules North, Winter, Water
Blue rules East, Spring, Earth
White rules West, Autumn, Metals
Yellow rules Center, Supreme Ruler, Sun
 
Note 4. The Four Divine Beasts of the Chinese Cosmos:
 
White Tiger: West, Autumn, Metal
Azure Dragon: East, Spring, Wood
Black Tortoise: North, Yin, Water
Red Bird: South, Yang, Fire.
 
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 Ancient Athenians observed the Little Owl (Athene noctua) nesting in their temple to Athena, Goddess of Wisdom. Perched on the niches atop the pillars of the Acropolis, the Little Owl and her friends stared out at the bustling city beneath them. At night inside the temple, the Little Owl’s glowing yellow eyes seemed magical and penetrating. To the Athenians, the Little Owl was both the Friend of Athena and Her Representative. (The Little Owl even bears Athena’s name of Athene.)
 
As Athena’s Emissary, the Little Owl promised victory to the Greeks at the Battle of the Marathon (490 B.C.) over their enemies, the Persians. While fighting the invaders, the Greek soldiers saw the Little Owl perched nearby. So inspired by Her Presence, they drove the Persians back to their ships. Afterwards, the Athenians issued a silver tetra drachma coin with the likeness of the Little Owl and the Goddess Athena. The Little Owl, on the coin, kept a watchful over Athens. (These coins were called “Owls.”)
 
Avoiding forests, the Little Owl prefers the open countryside of orchards, farmlands, and hedgerows. Active during the day, she perches on a fence post watching for prey. Sighting a rodent from her hedgerow perch, the Little Owl suddenly takes off to drop down on her victim. The Little Owl’s flexible lifestyle allows her to stay in one place. If one food source is depleted, she takes advantage of another source. To see her family through scarce times, the Little Owl will store extra supplies.
 
The Little Owl actively defends her territory through guile. Preferring not to fight, the Little Owl will call or chase the intruder. She will try to avoid the intruder if at all possible.
 
The Little Owl, as the Ancient Greeks knew, teaches wisdom. So flexible in her way of life, she can thrive where she chooses to live. During hard times, the Little Owl has her stores live off. Unlike many other Owls, the Little Owl had a happy relationship with people. Learn the many aspects of wisdom from the Little Owl.
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 Owls are divided into two families- Strigidae (the True Owls) and the older family of Tytonidae, to which only the Barn Owl and the Bay Owl belongs to. Barn Owls can be thought of as the more ancient version of “Owl.” They do not hoot like True Owls but instead make a hoarse “Khurrew” noise. In addition, they have heart-shaped faces, longer beaks and heads, and forked tails. Barn Owls live in Europe and the Western Hemisphere, and Bay Owls live in Africa, Southeast Asia, and Australia. This makes the Barn Owl Sub-Family, one of the most widespread land birds in the world.
 
A master mouser, the Barn Owl (Tyto alba) can pinpoint the locations of small rodents with only sound. As a nocturnal hunter, she has such an acute sense of hearing that the Barn Owl can swoop down on a mouse, in the dark night. Because the Barn Owl is so good at hunting, many people think she spends many hours just loafing about.
 
In Europe, the Barn Owl had a sinister reputation because people associated her with darkness and death. Best known for her eerie skeletal appearance and bloodcurdling scream, the Barn Owl was regarded by the British as the Bird of Doom. Since she nests in church belfries and abandoned buildings, she became associated with ghosts.
 
In Mongolia, the Barn Owl is a Bird of Life. Genghis Khan attributed her with saving his life. While being pursued by his enemies, Khan hid in a bush. Fortunately for him, the Barn Owl decided to roost on that particular bush. His enemies thought that, since she was there, Genghis Khan had to be elsewhere. Since then, Mongolians held the Barn Owl in high esteem.
 
The Barn Owl is associated with the Hag Goddess, the Cailleach of the Celts. The Barn Owl represents Her Power over the unseen forces of the night. The Gaelic word for this owl is “cauileach-oidhche,” the white old woman of the night.”
 
In addition, the Barn Owl is associated with the faeries. Gwyn ab Nundd, the King of the Faerie has an owl companion. His owl represents the balance between light and darkness. Therefore, Barn Owl is the connection between this world and that of the faeries.
 
The Barn Owl teaches about the power of life and death. In folklore, the Barn Owl either saved people or predicted their death. In reality, she is a secret benefactor to people, for she kills numerous rodents that bring diseases to people. The Barn Owl provides life to ordinary people in this way. Silently killing rats hiding in the dark, she demonstrates the wise use of the power of life and death. The Barn Owl cautions people to use this power only for good.
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 One of the world’s largest Owls, the Snowy Owl (Nyctea scandiaca) hunts in the desolate and bitterly cold Arctic tundra that she calls home. Because of the long nights of numbing cold, the Snowy Owl has layers of fat to help her survive. Since food is often scarce, she can fast for forty days at a time. In addition, the Snowy Owl conserves her energy by remaining still as long as possible. While waiting for an opportunity presents itself, she remains continually observant.
 
In her pursuit of food, The Snowy Owl is a strategist. She may seem lazy however the Snowy Owl is actively looking for a lemming to appear. She can hunt day or night. If need be, she will play dead. When an intruder comes near her nest, the Snowy Owl will swoop down and strike them with her talons. Sometimes she will feign injury, dragging her wing on the ground to lure a fox away from her young owlets.
 
The Snowy Owl forms close ties with the lemming, which goes beyond the usual predator and prey relationship. To make up for their short lives as owl food, lemmings breed in great numbers. When lemmings are in short supply, the Snowy Owl travels in search of rabbits. Not attached to any particular place, the Snowy Owl will go as far as the Caribbean in search of food. Wherever the Snowy Owl goes, she attracts attention. Because of her large size and elegant white plumage, people notice her perched on a haystack or on an airport runway waiting for an unsuspecting rodent.
 
The Snowy Owl is associated with the Norse Goddess Skadi. This Goddess is depicted travelling the Arctic, clad in furs, carrying her bow and arrows. The Snowy Owl and Skadi are associated with winter and strength. They remind people of the lessons that winter teachers.
 
The Snowy Owl teaches active patience. During the long Arctic winter, she fasts and waits for summer. Hunting for lemmings, she patiently perches on a rock listening for them to move about underground. When there are no lemmings, the Snowy Owl searches patiently for other food. She is rewarded for her efforts. Learn active patience from the Snowy Owl.
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 Another in the series of animals, Gods, and spirituality
 
This worldwide Order of Birds ranges from the tiny Elf Owl of North America to the huge Eagle Owl of Eurasia. As predators, Members of the Owl Family regard anything that moves as fair game. While the Elf Owl eats insects, the Eagle Owl feasts on deer. Because most Members of the Owl Family fly at night, they occupy the same niche in the eco-system as hawks and eagles. Native Americans called the Owl Family “Night Eagles”.
 
Members of the Owl Family are divided into two groups. The older, smaller group of Barn Owls and Bay Owls (Tytonidae) are distinctive with their heart-shaped faces. They have longer skulls, beaks, and legs than the newer group of owls (Strigidae) do. The round-headed owls, that most people see, are from the larger Strigidae Family.
 
Because so few birds are nocturnal and the majority of owls (Strigiformes) are, people respected but distrusted them. Japanese regarded Barn Owls and Horned Owls as demonic. In Borneo, Scops Owls were thought of as ill omens to be avoided at all costs. The Romans believed that any owl sucked the blood of babies. Meanwhile, parents of various Native American nations would tell their children when they misbehaved that “owls will get you.” In Mexico, people will say “when the owl cries, the Indian dies.”
 
A fearsome being, the Slavic Strzyga (Strigoi) is a “vampire” spirit who takes the form of an owl. With her two lines of teeth, the Strzyga will suck blood, take people’s life energy, and finally eat their insides. Remembering her human life, the Strzyga will hunt down the people who had hurt her. Because of her hunting at night, people will rarely venture out after dark.
 
Various owls are associated with different Gods. In Hawai’i, Pueo (Hawai’ian Owl) is a protector. As ‘Aumakau, Pueo is the ancestor guardian who watches over the family. Because a Barn Owl saved Genghis Khan from his enemies, Mongolians revered her. Meanwhile, Celts look upon the Tawny Owl as one of the five oldest animals on earth. One of the animals associated with the Norse Goddess Frigga is the Great Horned Owl.
 
Lakshmi, the Hindu Goddess of Wisdom, has a sister – Alakshmi who takes the form of an owl. Often, Alakshimi will give Her Sister bad advice. As an owl, She indicates the arrogance and stupidity that accompanies excessive luck. Depending on the region of India, owls can either be good fortune or messengers of death.
 
The Cailleach of Celtic mythology is often linked with the Barn Owl. As a Hag Goddess, the Cailleach has dominion over the night and the winter. Meanwhile, the Barn Owl has a ghostly presence at night. Moreover, the Gaelic word for owl is “cauileach-oildhche,” which means “night-cockerel” or “the white old woman of the night.”
 
Ancient Greeks welcomed the Little Owl as their Goddess of Wisdom’s Friend. Athena is shown with the Little Owl (Athene noctua). One of this Goddess’ epithets is “Glaukopis,” which means “Bright Eyed.” The owl represents her wisdom and sharp vision.
 
Hypnos, the Greek God of Sleep, takes a form of an owl from time to time. In some of the myths, He flaps his wings to bring sleep. Considered to be benevolent, Hypnos could put even the Gods to sleep. Like the owl, He governed the liminal place between wakefulness and sleep. (The Romans called Hypnos, Somnus.)
 
Members of the Owl Family represent the fears, anxieties, and wisdom of people. However, to see owls as they truly are, brings about a greater appreciation of their role in nature. Owls are master predators that keep their territories from being overrun by rodents. Various owls have exploited all kinds of environments ranging from frozen tundra to arid deserts. In fact, the Barn Owl makes her home on nearly every continent on earth. Members of the Owl Family live in dead trees, on buildings, and burrows in the ground. They hunt during the day as well as at night.
 
Owls seek their own counsel in what they do. They seize what opportunities there are and then exploit them to the maximum. The Owl Family teaches you to follow your own inner wisdom. Seek your own counsel and increase your opportunities.
 
For further reading:
 
Mike Clelland, “The Messengers: Owls, Synchronicity and the UFO Abductee.” 2020.
Mike Clelland, “Stories from the Messengers: Accounts of Owls, UFOs and a Deeper Reality.” 2020.
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Ahighly adaptable cat, the puma lives in habitats ranging from snow-covered mountains to tropical rainforests of the Western Hemisphere. Because of her wide range, she has been called many names by many peoples. “Cougar” is derived from a Tupi word, which means “false deer,” because of her brown coat and large size. “Puma,” from the Quechua language of the Incas, means “power.” “Mountain Lion” was a joke that Native Americans played on the Dutch in New York. They told the Dutch that the puma was a female lion that lived in the mountains. (Note 1)
 
Known by many names, the puma is a member of the Small Cats (Felinae Sub-Family) (Note 2) rather than the Big Cats (Pantherinae Sub-Family). Often called “panther” (Note 3), this is a misnomer since the puma does not belong in the Big Cat Family. (“Black Panther” is either a black jaguar or leopard.) Like all Felinae, the puma cannot roar. However, she screams like a woman, which frightens people and other animals.
 
Because she is an exceptionally successful generalist, the puma survived the late Pleistocene extinctions of other large North American felids. Wherever she lives, the puma migrates to follow deer and other prey. She prefers living in caves or among rocky outcrops.
 
Among Native Americans, the puma has a mixed reputation. The Anishinaabe (Note 4) believe She is a being of chaos. (Note 5) The Shawnee see Her more positively, since they think She possesses the gift of prophecy. More familiar with the puma, the Apache People consider Her to be a good mother. The Seminole respect the Florida panther (a subspecies of pumas), who is associated with the winds. (Usually, the members of their Panther Clan are also their leaders.) At the ruins of the Pecos Pueblo is a burial mound honoring Puma as one of the “Beast Gods.”
 
The Huron-Wyandot and the Seneca connect the puma to comets. As the “Death Panther,” He warns the people of imminent disaster. With tobacco offerings, they ask “Death Panther” to “turn aside impending evil.”
 
In Mayan and Aztec cosmology, the puma represents the sun and the Upperworld. (The jaguar is the moon and the Underworld.) The Solar Puma is shown with a crown of rays at Teotihuacan. During the eclipses, the Solar Puma and the Lunar Jaguar form a sexual union or fight each other.
 
For the Incas, the Puma, with the Condor and Serpent, make up the Sacred Trilogy. (Note 6) The Puma represents the wisdom and strength of the earth. This Small Cat is associated with the Land of the Living (Kay Pacha). In fact, Cusco, the capital of the Inca Empire, is laid out depicting the Puma.
 
The puma has long been a part of North American folklore. Among the woodsmen, the ball-tailed cat is more feared than the puma. This cat is a puma with a giant bone ball at the end of his tail. It uses the ball to drum to attract females. The other use is to drop down on an unsuspecting lumberjack and beat them to death.
 
Another puma-like cat is the Wampus cat, a jet-black panther with glowing eyes. The Wampus cat, with her six legs, is a part of the folklore of the Appalachians. This cat has exceptional speed and agility. This makes it hard to protect livestock from the Wampus cat.
 
Long and lean, the puma is immensely powerful and capable of killing a black bear in a single bite. Stalking him, the puma makes a powerful leap on his back and knocks him to the ground. In forests, she races through the trees with great agility and speed. Concealing herself, the puma follows people closely without them sensing it. In fact, she is an “UFO,” often talked about but little seen.
 
By whatever name the puma is called, she is the epitome of personal power. Elusive and agile, the puma either strikes or watches as she chooses to do. As the graceful ruler of the mountains, she deals out life and death on her timetable. Just remember not to be so elusive and agile that no one can find you. Gary Urbak, a naturalist, noted “It’s sufficient just to know that sometimes in the shadows of dusk, felines on huge paws still creep across the land.”
 
Notes:
Note 1: Names for the puma: cougar, mountain lion, panther, catamount, leopardo.
 
Note 2: Scientists have traditionally split the Cat Family into two groups – the Big Cats (Pantherinae) and Small Cats (Felinae). Although many Felinae are small, the puma (cougar) and ocelot are not. However, they are smaller than Big Cats. Felines differ from Big Cats in other significant ways. Felines hunt by biting the back of their prey’s neck with their needle-sharp teeth. They sever the neck vertebrae of their prey. When felines eat, they crouch. Meticulous, they strive to keep themselves clean, and spend many hours grooming themselves.
 
Note 3: “Panther” is a commonly used word for several cats. The puma (cougar), a member of the Small Cat Sub-family, is called “panther.” The leopard and jaguar are also called “panther.”
 
Note 4: The Anishinaabe People are the Ojibwe, Odawa (Ottawa), Potawatomi, Mississaugas, Nipissing, and Algonquin.
 
Note 5: The Mishipeshu (Underwater Panther) is a Master of the Water and a foe of the Thunderbird, who is a Master of the Air. (Post on this Water God is forthcoming.)
 
Note 6: The Sacred Trilogy represents the Three Worlds of the Inca religion. The Condor, Emissary to the Gods, is associated with the Upper World (Hanan Pacha), The Serpent (Anaconda) with the Lower World (Ukhu Pacha). (A Post on the Trilogy is forthcoming.)
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In ancient Greece, Mediterranean Monk Seal was placed under the protection of Poseidon, the God of the Sea, and Apollo, the God of the Sun, because Monk Seal showed a great love for sea and sun. The Greek sages, Homer, Plutarch, and Aristotle, immortalized Him in their writings. As long as there have been people living around the Mediterranean, Monk Seal has been a part of their lives.
 
Instead of ice and snow, Mediterranean Monk Seal has sandy beaches and warm waters to live in. He is called Monk Seal because He is bald and is often alone like a Christian monk. Exceedingly shy, He prefers the company of few friends. Mediterranean Monk Seal runs contrary to modern people’s perceptions of where seals live.
 
Mediterranean Monk Seal teaches the fragility of life. Once common to the sandy beaches of the Mediterranean Sea, He is now found only small islands and cliffs around rocky coasts, which are inaccessible to people. Cherish life as the people who try to save Monk Seal from extinction.
 
“We must act now. By protecting the monk seal, we protect the sea itself.” Hellenic Society for the Study and Protection of the Monk Seal (Mom).
 
Notes:
Note 1. Various countries in the Mediterranean have treaties to protect the Mediterranean Monk Seal, and to work on recovering their numbers.
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 When we encounter moths, they are flying into lights in the dark of the night. We hear about the destructive Gypsy Moths, who have eaten entire forests in eastern North America. Perhaps we learn about the Silk Moth that feeds on mulberry leaves and wraps himself in a cocoon of silk in which he transforms himself into an adult. Moths are mysterious insects that flutter about, not quite butterflies. (Note 1)
 
Most people do not know about daytime moths like Mother Shipton. Poplar Hawk Moths rest on tree trunks where they are perfectly camouflaged by their gray-brown wings. Recognizable by her large eyespots, the Emperor Moth uses the spots to confuse and frighten attackers. The Death’s-Head Hawk-Moth makes a squeak when picked-up, scaring people. The Peppered Moth exists in two dramatically different forms – the normal pale, and the dark one that lives in smoky towns. Moths use a variety of strategies to cope with life as they find it.
 
Moths of myths have reflected people’s ideas of them. Moths in the Bible represent the frailty of humans and human existence. Psyche of the Greeks, depicted with moth wings, as the Goddess of the Soul, guides the soul from life to death. In the Appalachian Mountains, white moths mean that the ancestors are present. Meanwhile, the Death’s-Head Hawk-Moth has a reputation of being an harbinger of doom. (Note 2)
 
One notable moth is the Black Witch Moth, a large dark colored moth, shaped like a bat. In the Mexican, Central American, and Caribbean cultures, seeing one means death, sickness, or misfortune. Called “duppy bat” in Jamaca, the moth is a lost soul. In Hawai’i, the moth is a loved one’s soul returning to say good-bye.
 
The Orizaba Silk Moth, a large moth, represents the Aztec Goddess, Itzpapatotl, the Obsidian Butterfly. Itzpapalotl rules in Tamoanchan, a paradise for still-born infants and women who died during childbirth. Her wings are tipped with either obsidian or flint knives.
 
The Mothman of West Virginia is a being from the great beyond. This bipedal moth-human has glowing eyes and large wings. West Virginians tell of strange sightings and tragic events when The Mothman is about. (Note 3)
 
In all of the moth’s forms, he copes with life as he finds it. Larvae of Pine-tube Moths tie needles together with silk for protection. Larvae of Bagworm Moths construct little bags out of plant debris and silk to live in. The larvae poke their heads and feet out to feed and move. Learn from the moth various strategies of coping in all aspects of your life.
 
Notes:
 
Note 1: The differences between butterflies and moths: Butterflies have clubbed antenna. Moths form a cocoon, butterflies, a chrysalis. Moths have a frenulum which holds their two wings together during a flight.
 
“Despite their small size, butterflies and moths are some of the world’s most wondrous animals. Their beauty, seemingly miraculous metamorphosis, and apparently carefree flight all spark our imaginations.” – Barbra Feldman, Surf Net Kids.
 
Note 2. “Ode to Melancholy” by John Keats. “Make not your rosary of yew-berries, Nor let the beetle, nor the death-moth be, your mournful Psyche.”
 
Note 3. An in-depth post on The Mothman will be forthcoming.
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Found throughout most of the world, butterflies are the most beloved of insects. The Monarch of the New World and Swallowtail of the Old World are greatly admired for their beauty. What people do not realize is that butterflies and moths belong to the same Order of Lepidoptera (scale wing). They think that there are dramatic differences between the two species. For instance, butterflies are always beautiful, and moths are not. However, many moths such as Luna Moth are beautiful, while many butterflies such as Cabbage Butterfly are dull colored. What makes butterflies beloved by people, and moths sinister and mysterious? Butterflies are seen during the day, while moths only come out at night.
 
What butterflies are best known for are their magical transformations. From a rather, dowdy caterpillar springs forth a magnificent butterfly. Mother Butterfly lays eggs on a particular plant species. For weeks after the caterpillars emerge, they feed off the plant. After molting several times, the now legless caterpillars become chrysalis, thereby suspending themselves from leaves by a girdle of silk. After a period of internal transformation, the adults emerge as butterflies.
 
Many people associated butterflies with souls. In Europe, the newly dead would hover near their body as a butterfly. In Ireland, the white butterfly held the soul of a dead child. For others, the butterfly meant the death of the body, and the rebirth of the soul in paradise. In Mexico, the Monarchs arrive at the Day of the Dead (Dia de Los Muertos). Some see these butterflies as spirits of their ancestors returning.
 
To the Chinese, butterflies are a symbol of joy. The Japanese regard a pair of butterflies as a symbol of married happiness. The Japanese thought that if one enters your home and perches on a screen, that the person that you love would come to visit.
 
For Christians, the butterfly is a symbol of resurrection, new life, and immortality. Like Christ who died and rose again, the butterfly dies as a caterpillar and emerges from the chrysalis as a glorious butterfly. This act symbolizes Christ rising from the Tomb.
 
Various species of butterflies have specific meanings. In Ancient Egypt, the Tiger Butterfly was associated with Ra, the God of the Sun. (This butterfly resembled the ankh.) In the Appalachian Mountains, the Fritillary means money is coming, while in the Ozarks, the Mourning Cloak means that spring is here.
 
The lessons of the Butterfly Family are let go of old behavior, and move into the next phase of your life. Trust in the process of change, and weather the winds of uncertainty. Know when you are going through a transition that the butterfly is there to help you through it. Remember not to be in such a hurry. Be like the butterfly and take your time, and be still for a while.
 
Note: The differences between butterflies and moths: Butterflies have clubbed antenna. Moths form a cocoon, butterflies, a chrysalis. Moths have a frenulum, which holds their two wings together during a flight.
 
“Despite their small size, butterflies and moths are some of the world’s most wondrous animals. Their beauty, seemingly miraculous metamorphosis, and apparently carefree flight all spark our imaginations.” – Barbra Feldman, Surf Net Kids.
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 At one time, the leopard (Panthera pardus) (Note 1) lived from British Isles to Japan and though out Asia. Now restricted to Africa and Asia, he has been able to survive, in spite of humans. Opportunistic in his feeding habits, the leopard will eat anything from insects to giraffe calves. A solitary wanderer, the leopard is extremely difficult to spot in the wild. So great are his skills at being stealthy that the leopard can move through cattle herds without notice.
 
The strongest climber of the Cat Family (Note 2), the leopard keeps a low profile until he is ready to launch an attack. A smart hunter, the leopard constantly reviews the situation. He will try one way, change his mind, double back, detour around the prey, and then try again. After making his decision, then with laser-like concentration, the leopard silently stalks his prey. Just before attacking, he deliberately stamps the ground to distract his prey
 
In “The Cats of Africa,” Maitland Edey wrote, “Not so the leopard, the most catlike of all cats, the quintessential cat. Secretive, silent, smooth and supple as a piece of silk, he is an animal of the darkness, and even in the dark he travels alone.”
 
Because of the leopard’s fierce reputation, many peoples associate him with divinity. Egyptians linked the leopard with Set, their God of Chaos. In Greece, Dionysus, the God of Wine, often rode a leopard or had one by his side.
 
In Africa, the leopard holds the power of life and death. Only African royalty, who could wield such power, are allowed to wear leopard skins. Moreover, these individuals had the power of life over death in religious ceremonies.
 
Seshat of Egypt is depicted as a woman wearing a leopard skin and a headband of a seven-pointed star. She is the Goddess of Official Building (the Mistress of Builders). As a Goddess of Writing, Seshat keeps the royal annals and genealogies. The leopard skin denotes her association with the Pharaohs.
 
Meanwhile, Wuluo, the Mountain Deity of Qingyao Mountain in China, guards the area. A leopard-human Goddess, She makes a tinkling jade sound when She speaks. Wuluo will answer the prayers of pregnant women who come to the mountain desiring daughters.
 
Since the Romans used leopards to kill Christians, he became the Christian “Beast of the Apocalypse”- a Leopard with seven heads and ten horns. In Daniel and Revelation, the leopard was the ferocity, speed, and astuteness of the military might of Alexander the Great’s Empire. Also, the leopard is the untrustworthy sinner in death. (as in “Can a leopard change his spots?”)
 
Because of the black panther’s color (note 3), great mysticism is associated to her. In China, She rules the North with Winter. Associated with the Dark Mother, Black Panther sees into every soul. With her penetrating yellow-green gaze, She can also look into the future.
 
Romans saw the black panther as the embodiments of Bacchus, the God of Wine. He chose black panthers to pull his chariot. Together, They governed the subconscious and repressed desires.
 
Meanwhile in Australia, black panthers have been secretly roaming the bushland. Known as the Otway (Lithgow) Panther, this Big Cat has been dismissed as bush folklore. However, reputable witnesses have produced evidence of this black panther. The mystery continues.
 
Achieving your goal is what the leopard teaches. Instead of doing things only one way, he assesses the situation. After trying several options, the leopard settles on one. Then with intense concentration, he approaches and kills his prey.
 
Notes
Note 1: True panthers (Panthera pardus) live in the Old World. The jaguar (Panthera onca) is found only in the New World. The jaguar is stockier, and more powerful than the panther (also known as the leopard.) However, they belong to the same Sub-Family. Meanwhile, the Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) is a separate species in the Big Cat family. However, the Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) is considered neither a Small Cat nor a Big Cat.
 
Note 2. Cats are traditionally divided into two groups – Big and Small Cats. Big Cats (Pantherinae) differ from Small Cats (Felinae) in several ways. They roar instead of purr, with their roars being very loud and resonant. Unlike Small Cats, Big Cats attack animals larger than themselves. They suffocate the prey with a strangle hold on the neck or by covering the prey’s snout with their jaws. Messy eaters, Big Cats do not groom themselves as meticulously as Small Cats.
 
The Cat Subfamilies: Felinae includes the puma, ocelot, jaguarundi, and margay cat. Pantherinae includes the bobcat, jaguar, lion, leopard (panther), lynx, and tiger.
 
Note 3: “Panther” is a commonly used word for several cats. The puma (cougar), a member of the Small Cat Sub-family, is called “panther.” The jaguar is also called “panther.”
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Once ranging from Arizona to Argentina, the jaguar is now only found in the rainforests of Central and South America. The largest Cat of the Americas, he is the only representative of the Panther Sub-Family (Pantherinae) (Note 1) in the New World. This powerfully built, relatively stocky Big Cat (Note 2) likes to roam close to rivers and lakes. A strong swimmer, he likes the water, unlike most other cats. The jaguar catches fish, otters, and caimans that live in the tropical rivers. In addition, he is the only Big Cat that regularly kills his prey by piercing the skull with his canines.
 
Worshiped and feared for his ability as a hunter, the jaguar’s lifestyle is still unknown to people. Nocturnally prowling through the moist lowland forests, the jaguar became mystically associated with the underworld, night, and fertility. Since the jaguar is the only Big Cat that cannot roar, He silently “escorts” people out of his rainforest. The Mayas and Aztecs thought that the jaguar could shape shift as well, because of his elusive qualities.
 
Important to Central American religions, Jaguar is a fierce God of Fertility and Sacrifices, the Ruler of the Underworld. The Mayas and Aztecs formed religious, military, and political structures around their worship of Jaguar. The Jaguar granted warriors fierceness in combat. Tezcatlipoca, Jaguar God of the Aztecs, is the God of the Night. (Note 3) For the Mayas, Jaguar is the Night Sun who journeys through the night. Modern Mayas believe that the jaguar protects their villages at each entrance.
 
In South America, the Bororo have a cosmological relation with the “Jaguar Spirit.” The Caingua believe that a jaguar roaming near a burial ground was the transformed spirit of the Dead. The Kogi believe that the jaguar defends the archaeological sites.
 
Because of his mythic power, the Catholic Church, in the 17 Century, outlawed Jaguar images and costumes. However today, masked Jaguar festivals are held on Corpus Christi throughout Central America. Even in the modern age, Jaguar is still feared and revered. “It is a dweller of the forests …It is the lord, the ruler of the animals,” observed Fr. Bernardino de Sahagun. In Mexico, the “danza de los tecuanes” (jaguar dances) are still performed.
 
Meanwhile, the “black panther” (Note 4) is actually a jaguar with melanistic (black) coloration. Quite frequent in jaguars, the black color helps them hide more effectively in the dark jungles. Forest (dark) Jaguars are usually smaller in size than Golden Jaguars.
 
To the Aztecs, Black Panther saw the shadow inside every being. He represented the Great Smoking Mirror. In this role, He foretold the future, kept Time, and was the Gatekeeper to the Unknownable. He is the God Tezcatlipoca, the Obsidian Mirror.
 
In his jungle, the jaguar walks without fear as the Master of the Night. He teaches those who have the courage to face him, also to live without fear. People, who calmly go with the jaguar as their escort, walk in the darkness with a protector.
 
Notes
Note 1: True panthers (Panthera pardus) live in the Old World. The jaguar (Panthera onca) is found only in the New World. The jaguar is stockier, and more powerful than the panther (also known as the leopard.) However, they belong to the same Sub-Family. Meanwhile, the Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) is a separate species in the Big Cat family. However, the Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) is considered neither a Small Cat nor a Big Cat.
 
Note 2. Cats are traditionally divided into two groups – Big and Small Cats. Big Cats (Pantherinae) differ from Small Cats (Felinae) in several ways. They roar instead of purr, with their roars being very loud and resonant. Unlike Small Cats, Big Cats attack animals larger than themselves. They suffocate the prey with a strangle hold on the neck or by covering the prey’s snout with their jaws. Messy eaters, Big Cats do not groom themselves as meticulously as Small Cats.
 
The Cat Subfamilies: Felinae includes the puma, ocelot, jaguarundi, and margay cat. Pantherinae includes the bobcat, jaguar, lion, leopard (panther), lynx, and tiger.
 
Note 3. A post will discuss this God in depth.
 
Note 4: “Panther” is a commonly used word for several cats. The puma (cougar), a member of the Small Cat Sub-family, is called “panther.” The leopard is also called “panther.”
 
 
 
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I will be doing a series on the spirituality of the members of the Cat Family.
 
To many people, cats are mysterious creatures. Even for scientists, understanding cats is a major undertaking. The taxonomy problem of cats is so complex that many scientists have simply divided cats into Big Cats (Pantherinae) (Note 1) and Small Cats (Felinae) (Note 2). But that is not enough. The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) and Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) are in their own sub-families. Built for speed, the cheetah’s body type is similar to the greyhound’s. Meanwhile, Clouded Leopard is believed to be the intermediary between Big and Small Cats.
 
Even among regular people, confusion over cats abounds. Pumas and leopards are both called “panther.” (Note 3) However, “black panthers” are either jaguars or leopards. (Note 4) Pumas, belonging to the Small Cat Sub-family, are also known as “mountain lions.” Then there are the “mystery cats” – cats that have been sighted but not easily studied. King Cheetah, Kellas Cat, and Otway Panther (Note 5) are three such mystery cats. Do they exist as separate species or hybrids of current species?
 
From the massively powerful tiger to the tiny Black-footed Cat, they all are highly skilled hunters of prey. Equipped with sharp claws, cats use them for climbing, seizing, and killing prey. Their large canines help cats catch and kill their prey. They are the ultimate killing machines.
 
Since the beginning of time, cats have been a part of human’s lives. In Africa, early humans lived among lions and leopards. Ancient Egyptians and Romans revered Domestic Cat. In the Americas, the Mayas and Aztecs believed that the jaguar could shape-shift and enter other worlds. Around the world, Big Cats traditionally had the powers of life and death. Because Small Cats live such secretive lives, people told stories of “fairy cats.” Moreover “special cats,” such as Black Panther, White Tiger, and White Lion, have their own particular mystical meanings. People’s and cats’ lives have been intertwined across the millennia.
 
People look at cats with all their grace and independence and see the beauty and beast in themselves. Cats, on the other hand, do not particularly want to know people. Cats can be so intolerant of human intrusion into their lives that they will vanish into the night.
 
What cats teach is a sense of the “Other.” People have shared their lives with cats, Big and Small, and still do not understand these animals. For their part, cats care little what people think. Cats are what they are – familiar yet alien. They are the Other, the shadow that accompanies people on their journeys.
 
In “A Monograph of the Felidae,” Daniel Giraud Elliot observed, “Among the families that constitute the class Mammalia, no more attractive one can be found than that of the FELIDAE…. The family comprises not only the largest and most ferocious of the beasts of prey, but also the graceful little animal that delights to make its home within man’s abode.”
 
Rudyard Kipling in “Just So Stories” has the last word. “But the wildest of all the wild animals was the Cat. He walked by himself, and all places were alike to him.”
 
The Cat Subfamilies
Felinae includes the puma, ocelot, jaguarundi, and margay cat.
Pantherinae includes the bobcat, jaguar, lion, leopard (panther), lynx, and tiger.
 
Cat Groupings
Crash of Tigers
Kindle of Cats
Leap of Leopards
Pride of Lions
 
Notes:
 
Note 1. Big Cats (Pantherinae) include the bobcat, jaguar, lion, leopard (panther), lynx, and tiger. Big Cats differ from Small Cats in several ways. They roar instead of purr, with their roars being very loud and resonant. Unlike Small Cats, Big Cats attack animals larger than themselves. They suffocate the prey with a strangle hold on the neck or by covering the prey’s snout with their jaws. Messy eaters, Big Cats do not groom themselves as meticulously as Small Cats.
 
People have endowed mystical qualities to Big Cats, because of their silent killing and nocturnal ways. By wearing cat skins, warriors could remain unseen in battle, and priests could shape-shift into Big Cats. In addition, people have used various parts of these animals as mystical amulets, such as tiger whiskers and lion “hair balls.”
 
Note 2. Although many Small Cats (Felinae) are small, the puma (cougar) and ocelot are not. However, they are smaller than Big Cats. Felines differ from Big Cats in other significant ways. Felines hunt by biting the back of their prey’s neck with their needle-sharp teeth. They sever the neck vertebrae of their prey. When Felines eat, they crouch. Meticulous, they strive to keep themselves clean and spend many hours grooming themselves.
 
Note 3: True panthers (Panthera pardus) live in the Old World. The jaguar (Panthera onca) is found only in the New World. The jaguar is stockier, and more powerful than the panther (also known as the leopard.) However, they belong to the same Sub-Family. Meanwhile, the Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) is a separate species in the Big Cat family. However, the Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) is considered neither a Small Cat nor a Big Cat.
 
Note 4: “Panther” is a commonly used word for several cats. The puma (cougar), a member of the Small Cat Sub-family, is called “panther.” The leopard is also called “panther.”
 
Note 5: The King Cheetah is thought to be a mutation of the cheetah, with a blotchy coat instead of spots. Kellas Cat is believed to be a hybrid of the Scottish wildcat and the domestic cat. Meanwhile, the Otway (Lithgow) Panther is a mystery, since panthers are not supposed to inhabit Australia.
 
Further Reading:
Andrew Anderson, “The Magic of Cats.”
John Rush, “Cats, Keepers of the Spirit World.”
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 Seals (Phocidae) are distant cousins to sea lions (Otariidae), who are, in fact, closer cousins to walruses (Odobenidae). To many people, this seems odd, since they think that seals and sea lions are alike. Actually, the “trained seals” at circuses are really female California Sea Lions. Seals are more streamlined and without noticeable ears. When on land, seals move like caterpillars, instead of walking, like sea lions and walruses. (Note 1)
 
Contrary to popular belief, seals not only live only in the Arctic and Antarctic, but also in the warmer seas as well. Also, seals can be found living in inland seas like the Caspian Sea and Mediterranean Seas. Ringed Seal and Baikal Seal live in freshwater lakes. Hawai’ian Monk Seal can be seen sleeping on the beaches of Hawai’i.
 
Humans have long traditions regarding seals. The Romans believed that sealskins would protect people from thunder and lightning. The Scots and Welsh tell of seal-people (Selkies), who would become human by laying aside their sealskins and walking on the land. Some Irish and Scottish families claim Selchies as ancestors. Other Celtic peoples regarded seals to be messengers from the Fairy Realms.
 
In “The Druid Animal Oracle,” Philip and Stephanie Carr-Gomm, write “The Dan nan Ro’n – the Song of the Seals – upsets and frightens many who hear it. Its mournful and human sound stirs the heart of the listener to the core.” Otta Flora Swire describes the same in “The Inner Hebrides and Their Legends, the seal’s song as “so beautiful a sound but so terrible in its sadness that those humans who have heard it can bear early life no longer but plunge into the sea to join the seals.”
 
In the “Magic of the Seal,” Melanie Godfrey who rescued a seal pup writes of what the seal told her. “I possess neither land nor sea, therefore I am free. Fear not liminality, but embrace the threshold as you accompany me through the Otherworlds of transition – dance in it….”
 
Seals connect people with the mysteries of life. They live in the water yet come on land from time to time. Bobbing above the surface of the ocean, seals watch life with uncannily human eyes. They live in the liminal places beckoning people, who ask “where will the seals take them?”. Seals help people to see beyond what is. They ask that they look with their mind’s eye to find sacred knowledge of the soul.
 
Notes
Note 1. Sea lions (Otariidae) have noticeable ears. With their powerful shoulder and back muscles, sea lions can haul themselves out of water anywhere, instead having to look for a sandy beach like seals. Moreover, while seals, who have small flippers for legs, scoot along the ground, sea lions can walk with their webbed back legs.
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The Cobra (Elapinae) Family which includes Cobras, Coral Snakes, Mambas, and Kraits, are the most deadly of snakes. The genus, Naja, contains the species that most epitomize Cobra—fast, graceful, and possessing an extended hood. Most people are familiar with cobras, through pictures of snake charmers.
 
In Egypt, Cobra was a personification of hidden wisdom. Cobra on the Egyptian Pharaoh’s crown is Egyptian Cobra (Naja haje), an emblem of royalty. The Cobra Goddess (Wadjet) would defend the Pharaoh, as he wore the crown, since he represented Egypt. This cobra was also known as asp, whose bite allegedly killed Queen Cleopatra.
 
The longest venomous snake in the world is King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) (Note 1) of India. Devout Hindus consider King Cobra to be a manifestation of Lord Shiva – the God of Destruction and Regeneration. This snake symbolizes the past, present and future. In India, the cobra is revered and is a part of many sacred rites. Some consider the cobra to be the reincarnation of important people called Nagas (‘warrior ascetics’).
 
King Cobra is capable of delivering more venom than any other snake except for Gaboon Viper. Is cobra attacks the nervous system, and usually kills within fifteen minutes. Mother King Cobra is most aggressive when guarding Her eggs. Therefore, in India, if a nest is found near a village, the area will be evacuated.
 
Cobra does teach about the power of life and death. Knowledge of cobra’s habits can save your life. Remember to learn all you can before going into a dangerous area.
 
Notes:
Note 1. King Cobra is not taxonomically a true cobra (Naja) but is grouped with them. He is the only member of the Ophiophagus family. The King Cobra is the national reptile of India.
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Snakes are highly specialized predators. Although they are simple in form, snakes are equipped for tracking, subduing, and devouring their prey. They are a recent development in the evolution of Reptiles. In addition to losing their legs, snakes have modified their jaws to swallow large meals. Moreover, they have developed some of the most virulent poisons known among animals.
 
Snakes demonstrate the principle of transformation. Evolving from primitive burrowing Lizards, they have diversified into nearly three thousand species. Snakes have reduced their skeleton to a skull, jaws, and a long backbone. Furthermore, they rearranged their internal anatomy to fit their thinner, rounder, longer shape. Their skin is a mosaic of glossy, dry scales set in an elastic skin which They shed about four times a year to enable growth.
 
Scientists divide the Snake Family into two groups – Blind Snakes (Scolecophidia) and Modern Snakes (Alethinophidia). The Modern Snake Family is further divided into fifteen families. Of this, only three groups are venomous, with the remainder being constrictors.
 
Venomous snakes use venom to paralyze their prey, so they can eat it. Since these Snakes inject venom into their victim, they are properly referred to as “venomous”. (“Poisonous” means harmful by ingesting.) Venomous snakes are the Rear-fanged Snakes (such as Boomslang) of the Colubrid Family, and the families that consist only of venomous snakes – the Elapids (Cobras) and Vipers (Rattlesnakes).
 
The non-venomous snakes either kill their prey by swallowing or by constriction. Snakes such as Boas still have rudimentary hind limbs on their bodies. Some of the largest snakes in the world are the constrictors. In fact, Anacondas who live in the waters of the Amazon are usually considered the source for many monster Snake stories.
 
Modern people often think of snakes as animals to kill on sight. However, the ancient Greeks and Romans thought of snakes as being beneficent. They valued snakes for their healing powers, and for protecting their families from harm. In Greece, Asclepius, the Healer wields the Rod of Asclepius – a snake intertwined with a rod. Meanwhile, Hermes has his Caduceus – a staff with a set of wings and two intertwined snakes. Snakes were also divine messengers of prophecy.
 
In response to a plague, Asclepius went to Rome in snake form. As a Snake, He set up a healing temple on an island in the Tiber River. Meanwhile, the Roman Goddess, Bona Dea directed her snakes to indicate herbs for healing.
 
For the Celts, the Adder is connected to healing pools and springs. This Snake is associated with the Mother Goddess Danu of Rivers and Lakes. In Australia, the Rainbow Serpent is the creator of life. The Serpent provides water for a dry continent.
 
The Celtic Snake Goddess, Corra is associated with rebirth, healing and wisdom. She calls forth Her Serpents of Life, Death, and Rebirth to intertwine her magic with the Earth. She is most noted for her final battle with St. Patrick, who driving snakes out of Ireland. Although he was victorious, Corra can still be found at Lough Derg.
 
Snakes are transformative from life to death to rebirth. The Cosmos and the Earth were made with the body of Tiamat of Mesopotamia. The Caduceus and Rod of Asclepius hold the power of the elements to heal and restore. Lord Shiva transforms into the King Cobra to destroy what exists to have the next transformation occur.
 
Further Reading:
Dawn Baumann Brunke, “Awakening the Ancient Powers of the Snake”
Scott Irvine, “The Magic Of Serpents”
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The largest of all Toothed Whales, Sperm Whale can dive longer, faster, and deeper than any other Mammal. Known as nature’s submarine, Sperm Whale is well equipped to hunt in the ocean abyss for Giant Squid. Swimming in total darkness, He uses his echolocation to locate Squid. His huge head, which makes up a third of his total body length, houses the wax-filled spermaceti organ that helps Him to dive deep. With steady clicks, Sperm Whale approaches his Prey, then surprises Giant Squid with a sonic scream, disabling Him.
 
Among Whales, Sperm Whale has a unique social life. Elder Mother Sperm Whale governs his Nursery Pod. In the tropics, Sperm Whale Mothers, Females, and Young Males live together. When Sperm Whale reaches maturity, He leaves and joins a Bachelor Pod. Together, He and his Friends roam from the Polar Seas, where Squid lives, to the Tropics where the Nursery Pods are. When He is older, Sperm Whale will navigate the oceans by Himself.
 
Diving vertically into the abyss, Sperm Whale searches for Giant Squid. Using echolocation, Sperm Whale clicks until He sense the outline of Squid in the murky depths. No one knows what exactly happens in the murky depths; only that Sperm Whale is usually victorious. Like this extraordinary Whale, you can explore the Abyss. Just remember to surface from time to time.
 
“There is more character in the Sperm Whale’s head. As you behold it, you involuntarily yield the immense superiority to him, in point of pervading dignity. In the present instance, too, this dignity is heightened by the pepper and salt colour of his head at the summit, giving token of advanced age and large experience.” – “Moby Dick”, Herman Melville
 
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Known as “Ghost Whale”, Beluga is the only whale that is all white. Because of her pale color, Russians named Her, “Belulcha,” which means “white one”. Like Manatee, Beluga was once thought to be a mermaid. Today, She is a major character in children’s stories.
 
Like her Mother, Beluga returns to the same river estuary every year. Her Mother first took Her to their “home” when She was a Calf. However, when the ice freezes over her estuary, Beluga will leave her home for warmer coastal waters. But come the springtime, She returns with her Calf to feed in the nourishing Polar waters of their estuary.
 
Unlike other Whales, Beluga has a flexible neck, and can move her head from side to side. Because of her unique ability, She does a visual sweep of the ocean floor while swimming. Her famed flexibility extends to other parts of her body as well. Beluga’s bendable flippers help Her get out of tight squeezes. Her moveable face makes Her one of the most expressive whales. In fact, She often forms her mouth into an “O”. When She is unhappy, Beluga will squirt the offender with streams of water from her puckered mouth.
 
Since She travels in pods of a hundred or more Whales, having a social life is important to Beluga. Called “Sea Canary”, She chirps, peeps, and squeaks to her Pod Mates. In her Pod, Beluga talks with Them all, using trills, chirps, and clucks. Sometimes, She sounds like a rusty gate or an out-of-tune string band, conversing with other Belugas.
 
Life in Beluga’s Pod is loud and noisy. The only time, She and her Friends are silent is when Orca (Killer Whale) is near. Then silence rules the ocean waters. Beluga shows that, with friends you can trust, you will always know when danger is near.
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One of the two groups of living Whales is Toothed Whales (Odontoceti). (The other group is Baleen Whales (Mysticeti).) Toothed Whales can be found in diverse environments ranging from deep oceans to muddy tropical rivers. This highly sophisticated group of Mammals includes Sperm Whales, Ocean Dolphins, and Porpoises. Beluga and Narwhal, the White Whales of the North, are also Odontoceti. The least known of Toothed Whales, Beaked Whales live in the deep oceans, where few people see Them. River Dolphins, another lesser-known Group, have colonized major river systems of Asia and South America.
 
Although most Toothed Whales have good vision, They all rely on echolocation (sending out sound signals and interpreting the echoes.) In their foreheads, Toothed Whales possess an organ called a melon, which acts as a sonar lens to focus sound. For example, Boto (Amazon River Dolphin) uses echolocation to find prey and to navigate in the murky Amazon River.
 
Unlike Baleen Whales, Toothed Whales live in stable social groups. They cooperate in hunts and help the sick Members of their Pod. Most live in matrilineal Pods, ruled by an old Matriarch. When They are grown, Male Toothed Whales will leave their Nursery Pod and join a different Pod. (However, Sperm Whale Bachelors travel in their own all-male Pod.) In their Pods, Toothed Whales learn hunting and language from their Mothers. Each Orca (Killer Whale) Pod has their own dialect that Orca Mothers teach their Calves. Meanwhile, Dolphin Mothers teach their Calves how to hunt with Sponges.
 
Using their click languages, Toothed Whales coordinate group activities, and plan hunts. A Pod of Bottlenose Dolphins will encircle a School of Fish, and herd Them to the shore. Sperm Whales will protect an injured Companion by gathering around Them in a flower formation known as “Marguerite”. An Orca at Marineland taught his pool Mates how to hunt Sea Gulls that fly in the area.
 
Because Toothed Whales live in stable families, They will support a sick Friend or defend a threatened Companion. Mothers pass their pod’s culture on to their Calves. Traveling and foraging, Toothed Whales form close bonds to hunt and play with. We can learn much about building and maintaining stable relationships from Toothed Whales.
 
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Much bigger than the dinosaurs, Blue Whale is the largest animal ever to live on the earth. Besides her size, Blue Whale is noted for other exceptional qualities as well. Swimming alone in the ocean, She has to communicate long distances underwater to other Blue Whales, so She makes the loudest sound of any living creature. Her bass moans are also the lowest sounds in the ocean. Possessing the tallest and strongest blow of any Whale, Blue Whale’s water sprout is also noticeably slender and upright.
 
However, Blue Whale is full of contradictions. The largest animal on earth feeds on Krill, one of the smallest animals in the sea. (Instead of teeth, She has a row of plates in her mouth called baleen, which functions as a food-collecting device.) For such a fast moving Whale, Blue Whale has a distinctively small and stubby dorsal fin.
 
Although Blue Whale is called ‘blue’ because of her skin color, her mottled, splotchy body actually reflects more colors than any other Whale. When the sun sets below the horizon and darkness falls on the ocean, Blue Whale’s body mirrors the colors of the sky and sea. The hues of her skin turns from blue to yellow and orange, then red, lavender, dark grey, and finally to black. No long just ‘blue’, Blue Whale is now all the shades of the rainbow.
 
Blue Whale mirrors the colors of life. Her body shows the greens and blues of the sea and the yellow and oranges of the sun. If this seriously endangered Whale should pass from this earth, we will be the poorer for it. The sky, sea, and even the land would miss Blue Whale and her colors of the rainbow.
 
Blue Whale’s Statistics:
Length: 110 feet 2 inches (33.5 meters)
Weight: 209 tons (190 tonnes)
Sound: 188 decibels
 
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 A favorite of whale watchers, Humpback Whale is the most acrobatic of all Baleen Whales. A favorite activity of his is pec-waving, in which He twirls his body back and forth, waving his flippers. One of the most prodigious breachers, (Note 1) Humpback Whale leaps hundreds of times out of the water. Most noticeable of his actions is pec-slapping, where He slaps his long flippers against the water with a resounding crack that can be heard considerable distances. If a whale-watching boat disturbs him, Humpback Whale will lobtail (Note 2) to show his annoyance.
 
During his migration from the Polar Seas, Humpback Whale can be seen in coastal waters, breaching and pec-slapping. Easy to distinguish from other Baleen Whales, Humpback Whale has a broad tail, long white-edged flippers, and prominent knobs on his snout. His long narrow flippers, which are almost one-third of his body length, are the longest appendages of any animal.
 
When He finally arrives at his tropical breeding grounds; Humpback Whale sings one of his famous songs to attract Female Humpback Whales. (These songs have two to nine separate themes in a specific order.) Besides spooking whalers, his haunting sounds have been sent into space on the Voyager probes. Also, in “Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home”, two Humpback Whales sang their songs to stop aliens from destroying the Earth.
 
Unlike other Baleen Whales, Humpback Whale hunts in groups. He engages in an unusual form of cooperative hunting called “bubble netting”. (Several Whales produce a continuous spiral of exhaled air making a single, large bubble net.) First, a Humpback Whale will tail slap to startle the Fish. Then each Whale slowly rises below a school of prey, expelling a circle of bubbles. These bubbles form a “net” similar to fishing net. The Fish panic and converge in a small group. Then Humpback Whale swims through the group with his mouth open wide, gulping down Fish.
 
 
Humpback Whale communicates to everyone in a multiple of ways. He sings to Female Humpback Whale to court her. To display his annoyance at whale watchers, He lobtails, pec-slaps, and breaches. Humpback Whale cooperates with his friends in bubble hunting Fish. Learn effective ways to communicate from Humpback Whale.
 
“The most gamesome and light-hearted of all the whales” – Herman Melville, author of “Moby Dick”
 
“We know the whales are saying something. The question however is what it is.” – Gary Lyder, marine biologist
 
Notes:
Note 1. Breaches: Leaping out of the water and returns with a tremendous splash.
 
Note 2. Lobtailing: Forcefully slaps the flukes against the water while remaining partly underwater.

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